![]() Osteophyte formation on the caudal aspect of the femoral neck, known as a caudolateral curvilinear osteophyte (CCO) or Morgan's line. Periarticular osteophytes on the margins of the femoral head and acetabulum. Irregularity of the cranial acetabular margin to flattened or double-curved line. Shift in position of the femoral head in young dogs. Remodelling of the acetabulum: shallow "C" or cup-shaped acetabulum, remodeling of craniodorsal margin. Remodelling of the femoral head and neck: loss of spherical shape of the head (exclude the fovea capitis). Present when approximately 50% or more of the femoral head is not within the acetabulum or if the Norberg angle measurement is abnormal. The radiological findings of hip dysplasia includeįemoral head subluxation or luxation. The earliest change is the coxofemoral joint laxity we can see when femoral head is not well seated in acetabulum, and results in abnormal wearing, which leads to bone remodeling and degenerative join disease. Radiographically pelvic symmetry is present when: the obturator foramen are equal in size, the ilial wings have the same diameter, and a line drawn through the caudal lumbar spinous processes continues through the pelvic symphysis. 4 Proper positioning and image quality are essential, and if not done correctly can lead to errors in radiological interpretation of normal versus abnormal hips. In terms of technique radiographic the ray beam should be centered at the level of the hip joints, exposure should be sufficient to allow visualization of the dorsal acetabular margin through the femoral head and neck and the time should be sufficiently fast to prevent motion artifact. The entire pelvis and enough of the femurs to show the position of the patellas should be included on the radiograph. The femurs are rotated medially until the patellas are centered dorsally, the patient must be symmetrically positioned so that there is no rotation of the pelvis. For this view the dog is placed on its back, and the rear limbs are pulled straight back until the stifle and hocks are fully extended the limbs are then adducted until the femurs are parallel to each other. The ventrodorsal leg extended radiographic view is the most common image obtained for the evaluation of the hips. The diagnosis of hip dysplasia is tentatively based on history, clinical signs and palpation, but is confirmed on radiographs. 2 The clinical signs include an abnormal gait, low exercise tolerance, reluctance to rise or climb stairs, and muscle atrophy many animals remains asymptomatic for years, but in other cases animals with severe hip dysplasia may exhibit signs at less than 1 year of age. Once present, these radiographic changes usually progress as the affected animal ages. 3 We must consider that this is a developmental, age-related disorder it is not present at birth a variable amount of time must elapse before radiographic changes are manifest. ![]() Any breed of dog or cat can be affected, highest incidence is in large- and giant-breed dogs and in purebred cats. 2 The role of nutrition has been studied extensively, overnutrition is regarded as one of the principal non-genetic factors that influence the expression of canine hip dysplasia. 1 The causes of canine hip dysplasia are numerous and possibly interactive is an inherited disorder, environmental factors influence the phenotypic expression of hip dysplasia. Although dogs are afflicted most commonly, cats also have hip dysplasia. Hip dysplasia is a multifactorial, clinically complex arthropathy with structural alterations of the coxofemoral joints. ![]() Books & VINcyclopedia of Diseases (Formerly Associate). ![]() VINcyclopedia of Diseases (Formerly Associate). ![]()
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